Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by motoneurons progressive degeneration. Associated with a paralysis of the legs, arms and the respiratory muscles, its evolution is lethal. Riluzole is the only drug available with an marketing authorisation (autorisation de mise sur le marche [AMM]) in this indication. In the beginning stages of the disease it demonstrated a modest efficacy by prolonging survival for a few months. Although the physiopathological mechanisms of this disease have not been totally solved, the progression of knowledge in recent years in this area led to the development of a large number of neuroprotective agents which showed effective results in animal models of ALS and which could be good candidates for the treatment of ALS. Several clinical trials have been conducted about antiglutamatergic, antioxidant, antiapoptotic agents and growing cell factors but they failed to demonstrate efficacy on survival or quality of life. Therefore, clinical trials using innovative therapeutics and stem cells are ongoing and offer more distant hope.