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              <p>A field study was conducted along a fluorine gradient of soil pollution in Tunisia from Gabes, the most polluted site, to Smara, the reference site. Variations of  fluoride (F) concentrations in soils were detected over one year in Gabes, Skhira and Smara. F concentrations in the aerial part of two native plant species, i.e. Erodium glaucophyllum and Rantherium suaveolens, were above the usual background concentrations. Bioaccumulation factors ranged from 0.08 to 1.3. With  F concentrations  in  aerial  parts  up  to  355 mg kg-1, both  species  may  be  described  as  Faccumulators. Both  species showed  an earlier  vegetative  growth  in  Gabes  than  in  Smara. However, some  difference  between their  strategies  could  be  observed  i.e.  E.  glaucophyllum shortening  the  period  of  its  vegetative  growth  with  an escape strategy  and  R.  suaveolens decreasing its ratio of alive:dead parts potentially  lowering  the  F  toxicity by  storage  in  dead cells. However,  at  a  tissue  level,  mechanisms  of  tolerance  were similar. Leaf  section micrographs of both species showed a higher calcium accumulation in leaf midveins at Gabes than at Smara, confirming the role of calcium in plant F tolerance strategies.</p>
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